Search functions

These functions are used in conjunction with the @@ operator (the 'matches' operator) to either collect the relevance score or highlight the searched keywords within the content.

The examples below assume the following queries:

CREATE book:1 SET title = "Rust Web Programming";
DEFINE ANALYZER book_analyzer TOKENIZERS blank, class, camel, punct FILTERS snowball(english);
DEFINE INDEX book_title ON book FIELDS title FULLTEXT ANALYZER book_analyzer BM25;

search::analyze

The search_analyze function returns the outut of a defined search analyzer on an input string.

search::analyze($analyzer: string, $input: string) -> array<string>

First define the analyzer using the DEFINE ANALYZER statement

DEFINE ANALYZER book_analyzer TOKENIZERS blank, class, camel, punct FILTERS snowball(english); 

Next you can pass the analyzer to the search::analyzefunction. The following example shows this function, and its output, when used in a RETURN statement:

RETURN search::analyze("book_analyzer", "A hands-on guide to developing, packaging, and deploying fully functional Rust web applications");

[
	'a',
	'hand',
	'-',
	'on',
	'guid',
	'to',
	'develop',
	',',
	'packag',
	',',
	'and',
	'deploy',
	'fulli',
	'function',
	'rust',
	'web',
	'applic'
]

search::highlight

The search::highlight function highlights the matching keywords for the predicate reference number.

search::highlight($prepend: string, $append: string, $predicate: number, $highlight_all: option<bool>) -> string | string[]

The following example shows this function, and its output, when used in a RETURN statement:

SELECT id, search::highlight('<b>', '</b>', 1) AS title
	FROM book WHERE title @1@ 'rust web';

[
	{
		id: book:1,
		title: [ '<b>Rust</b> <b>Web</b> Programming' ]
	}
]

The optional Boolean parameter can be set to true to explicitly request that the whole found term be highlighted, or set to false to highlight only the sequence of characters we are looking for. This must be used with an edgengram or ngram filter. The default value is true.

search::linear

search::linear($lists: array, $weights: array, $limit: int, $norm: 'minmax' | 'zscore') -> array<object>

Notes on the arguments and output of this function:

• Input:

  • lists - array of result arrays. Each inner array must be pre‑sorted most‑relevant‑first (BM25 score descending, distance ascending already inverted, etc.).

  • weights - An array of numeric weights corresponding to each result(must have same length as results)

  • limit - Maximum number of documents to return (must be ≥ 1)

  • norm - Normalization method: "minmax" for MinMax normalization or "zscore" for Z-score normalization

• Processing:

  • Computes the union of all candidate ids.

  • The function automatically extracts scores from documents using the following priority:

    1. distance field - converted using 1.0 / (1.0 + distance) (lower distance = higher score)

    2. ft_score field - used directly (full-text search scores)

    3. score field - used directly (generic scores)

    4. Rank-based fallback - 1.0 / (1.0 + rank) if no score field is found

  • Normalization Methods:

    • MinMax: Scales scores to [0,1] range using (score - min) / (max - min)

    • Z-score: Standardizes scores using (score - mean) / std_dev

  • When merging field data from the per‑list rows, keeps the first non‑null value encountered in the order the lists were supplied, or the last one if there are several fields with the same key.

  • Sorts by linear_score descending and truncates to limit.

• Output:

  • Array of merged result objects, each containing original fields and an added fuse_score.

-- Sample data --
CREATE test:1 SET text = "Graph databases are great.", embedding = [0.10, 0.20, 0.30];
CREATE test:2 SET text = "Relational databases store tables.", embedding = [0.05, 0.10, 0.00];
CREATE test:3 SET text = "This document mentions graphs and networks.", embedding = [0.20, 0.10, 0.25];

-- Analyzer used by the full‑text index
DEFINE ANALYZER simple TOKENIZERS class, punct FILTERS lowercase, ascii;

-- Full‑text index
DEFINE INDEX idx_text ON TABLE test FIELDS text FULLTEXT ANALYZER simple BM25;

-- Vector index (HNSW) on a 3‑dimensional embedding, using cosine distance
DEFINE INDEX idx_embedding ON TABLE test FIELDS embedding HNSW DIMENSION 3 DIST COSINE;

-- Query vector (whatever your embedding model produced for "graph databases")
LET $qvec = [0.12, 0.18, 0.27];

-- Vector search: top 2 nearest neighbours
LET $vs = SELECT id FROM test  WHERE embedding <|2,100|> $qvec;

-- Full‑text search: top 2 lexical matches
LET $ft = SELECT id, search::score(1) as score FROM test
          WHERE text @1@ 'graph' ORDER BY score DESC LIMIT 2;

-- Fuse with Linear / minmax
search::linear([$vs, $ft], [2, 1], 2, 'minmax');

-- Fuse with Linear / zscore
search::linear([$vs, $ft], [2, 1], 2, 'zscore');

Output of the final search::linear() queries:

-------- Query 1 --------

[
	{
		ft_score: 0.5366538763046265f,
		id: test:1,
		linear_score: 2
	},
	{
		id: test:3,
		linear_score: 0
	}
]

-------- Query 2 --------

[
	{
		score: 0.5366538763046265f,
		id: test:1,
		linear_score: 1.9999999999999956f
	},
	{
		id: test:3,
		linear_score: -2.0000000000000044f
	}
]

search::offsets

The search::offsets function returns the position of the matching keywords for the predicate reference number.

search::offsets($predicate: number, $highlight_all: option<bool>) -> object

The following example shows this function, and its output, when used in a RETURN statement:

SELECT id, title, search::offsets(1) AS title_offsets
	FROM book WHERE title @1@ 'rust web';

[
	{
		id: book:1,
		title: [ 'Rust Web Programming' ],
		title_offsets: {
			0: [
				{ e: 4, s: 0 },
				{ e: 8, s: 5 }
			]
		}
	}
]

The output returns the start s and end e positions of each matched term found within the original field.

The full-text index is capable of indexing both single strings and arrays of strings. In this example, the key 0 indicates that we're highlighting the first string within the title field, which contains an array of strings.

The optional boolean parameter can be set to true to explicitly request that the whole found term be highlighted, or set to false to highlight only the sequence of characters we are looking for. This must be used with an edgengram or ngram filter.

The default value is true.

search::rrf

search::rrf($lists: array, $limit: int, $k: option<int>) -> array<object>

Notes on the arguments and output of this function:

• Input:

  • lists: array of result arrays. Each inner array must be pre‑sorted most‑relevant‑first (BM25 score descending, distance ascending already inverted, etc.).

  • limit: maximum number of fused results to return.

  • k (optional): RRF constant; defaults to 60.

See this paper for why 60 tends to be the default k value:

Our intuition in choosing this formula derived from fact that while highly-ranked documents are more important, the importance of lower-ranked documents does not vanish as it would were, say, an exponential function used. The constant k mitigates the impact of high rankings by outlier systems.

• Processing:

  • Computes the union of all candidate ids.

  • For each candidate, derives its rank in each list and computes rff_score = Σ 1/(k + rank).

  • When merging field data from the per‑list rows, keeps the first non‑null value encountered in the order the lists were supplied, or the last one if there are several fields with the same key.

  • Sorts by rff_score descending and truncates to limit.

• Output:

  • Array of merged result objects, each containing original fields and an added fuse_score.

-- Sample data --
CREATE test:1 SET text = "Graph databases are great.", embedding = [0.10, 0.20, 0.30];
CREATE test:2 SET text = "Relational databases store tables.", embedding = [0.05, 0.10, 0.00];
CREATE test:3 SET text = "This document mentions graphs.", embedding = [0.20, 0.10, 0.25];

-- Analyzer used by the full‑text index
DEFINE ANALYZER simple TOKENIZERS class, punct FILTERS lowercase, ascii;

-- Full‑text index
DEFINE INDEX idx_text ON TABLE test FIELDS text FULLTEXT ANALYZER simple BM25;

-- Vector index (HNSW) on a 3‑dimensional embedding, using cosine distance
DEFINE INDEX idx_embedding ON TABLE test FIELDS embedding HNSW DIMENSION 3 DIST COSINE;

-- Query vector (whatever your embedding model produced for "graph databases")
LET $qvec = [0.12, 0.18, 0.27];

-- Vector search: top 2 nearest neighbours
LET $vs = SELECT id FROM test  WHERE embedding <|2,100|> $qvec;

-- Full‑text search: top 2 lexical matches
LET $ft = SELECT id, search::score(1) as score FROM test
          WHERE text @1@ 'graph' ORDER BY score DESC LIMIT 2;

-- Fuse with Reciprocal Rank Fusion (k defaults to 60 if omitted)
search::rrf([$vs, $ft], 2, 60);

Output of the final search::rrf() query:

[
	{
		score: 0.5366538763046265f,
		id: test:1,
		rrf_score: 0.03278688524590164f
	},
	{
		id: test:3,
		rrf_score: 0.016129032258064516f
	}
];

search::score

The search::score function returns the relevance score corresponding to the given 'matches' predicate reference numbers.

search::score(number) -> number

The following example shows this function, and its output, when used in a RETURN statement:

SELECT id, title, search::score(1) AS score FROM book
	WHERE title @1@ 'rust web'
	ORDER BY score DESC;

[
	{
		id: book:1,
		score: 0.9227996468544006,
		title: [ 'Rust Web Programming' ],
	}
]